diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol
index c1302ede4..f425718fd 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ contract Crowdsale {
    * @param wallet Address where collected funds will be forwarded to
    * @param token Address of the token being sold
    */
-  constructor(uint256 rate, address wallet, IERC20 token) public {
+  constructor(uint256 rate, address wallet, IERC20 token) internal {
     require(rate > 0);
     require(wallet != address(0));
     require(token != address(0));
@@ -152,6 +152,7 @@ contract Crowdsale {
     uint256 weiAmount
   )
     internal
+    view
   {
     require(beneficiary != address(0));
     require(weiAmount != 0);
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ contract Crowdsale {
     uint256 weiAmount
   )
     internal
+    view
   {
     // optional override
   }
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/FinalizableCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/FinalizableCrowdsale.sol
index a640dca83..bcdfa4563 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/FinalizableCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/FinalizableCrowdsale.sol
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ contract FinalizableCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale {
 
   event CrowdsaleFinalized();
 
-  constructor() public {
+  constructor() internal {
     _finalized = false;
   }
 
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/PostDeliveryCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/PostDeliveryCrowdsale.sol
index da9392aed..ca05f6d66 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/PostDeliveryCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/PostDeliveryCrowdsale.sol
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ contract PostDeliveryCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale {
 
   mapping(address => uint256) private _balances;
 
+  constructor() internal {}
+
   /**
    * @dev Withdraw tokens only after crowdsale ends.
    * @param beneficiary Whose tokens will be withdrawn.
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/RefundableCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/RefundableCrowdsale.sol
index d55a573fb..d670f9ced 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/RefundableCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/distribution/RefundableCrowdsale.sol
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ contract RefundableCrowdsale is FinalizableCrowdsale {
    * @dev Constructor, creates RefundEscrow.
    * @param goal Funding goal
    */
-  constructor(uint256 goal) public {
+  constructor(uint256 goal) internal {
     require(goal > 0);
     _escrow = new RefundEscrow(wallet());
     _goal = goal;
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/emission/AllowanceCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/emission/AllowanceCrowdsale.sol
index 736635e0b..ec9918feb 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/emission/AllowanceCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/emission/AllowanceCrowdsale.sol
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ contract AllowanceCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    * @dev Constructor, takes token wallet address.
    * @param tokenWallet Address holding the tokens, which has approved allowance to the crowdsale
    */
-  constructor(address tokenWallet) public {
+  constructor(address tokenWallet) internal {
     require(tokenWallet != address(0));
     _tokenWallet = tokenWallet;
   }
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/emission/MintedCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/emission/MintedCrowdsale.sol
index 62b03189a..3ebea857d 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/emission/MintedCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/emission/MintedCrowdsale.sol
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import "../../token/ERC20/ERC20Mintable.sol";
  * Token ownership should be transferred to MintedCrowdsale for minting.
  */
 contract MintedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
+  constructor() internal {}
 
   /**
    * @dev Overrides delivery by minting tokens upon purchase.
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/price/IncreasingPriceCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/price/IncreasingPriceCrowdsale.sol
index 386c6202b..70189a168 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/price/IncreasingPriceCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/price/IncreasingPriceCrowdsale.sol
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ contract IncreasingPriceCrowdsale is TimedCrowdsale {
    * @param initialRate Number of tokens a buyer gets per wei at the start of the crowdsale
    * @param finalRate Number of tokens a buyer gets per wei at the end of the crowdsale
    */
-  constructor(uint256 initialRate, uint256 finalRate) public {
+  constructor(uint256 initialRate, uint256 finalRate) internal {
     require(finalRate > 0);
     require(initialRate >= finalRate);
     _initialRate = initialRate;
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/CappedCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/CappedCrowdsale.sol
index 21708c34a..4d9eb604d 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/CappedCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/CappedCrowdsale.sol
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ contract CappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    * @dev Constructor, takes maximum amount of wei accepted in the crowdsale.
    * @param cap Max amount of wei to be contributed
    */
-  constructor(uint256 cap) public {
+  constructor(uint256 cap) internal {
     require(cap > 0);
     _cap = cap;
   }
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@ contract CappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
     uint256 weiAmount
   )
     internal
+    view
   {
     super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
     require(weiRaised().add(weiAmount) <= _cap);
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale.sol
index d00cb602e..5a5d4e317 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale.sol
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ contract IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale, CapperRole {
   mapping(address => uint256) private _contributions;
   mapping(address => uint256) private _caps;
 
+  constructor() internal {}
+
   /**
    * @dev Sets a specific beneficiary's maximum contribution.
    * @param beneficiary Address to be capped
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ contract IndividuallyCappedCrowdsale is Crowdsale, CapperRole {
     uint256 weiAmount
   )
     internal
+    view
   {
     super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
     require(
diff --git a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/TimedCrowdsale.sol b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/TimedCrowdsale.sol
index 098112cae..d39242578 100644
--- a/contracts/crowdsale/validation/TimedCrowdsale.sol
+++ b/contracts/crowdsale/validation/TimedCrowdsale.sol
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ contract TimedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
    * @param openingTime Crowdsale opening time
    * @param closingTime Crowdsale closing time
    */
-  constructor(uint256 openingTime, uint256 closingTime) public {
+  constructor(uint256 openingTime, uint256 closingTime) internal {
     // solium-disable-next-line security/no-block-members
     require(openingTime >= block.timestamp);
     require(closingTime >= openingTime);
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ contract TimedCrowdsale is Crowdsale {
   )
     internal
     onlyWhileOpen
+    view
   {
     super._preValidatePurchase(beneficiary, weiAmount);
   }
diff --git a/contracts/mocks/CrowdsaleMock.sol b/contracts/mocks/CrowdsaleMock.sol
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..834105e6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/contracts/mocks/CrowdsaleMock.sol
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+pragma solidity ^0.4.24;
+
+import "../crowdsale/Crowdsale.sol";
+
+contract CrowdsaleMock is Crowdsale {
+  constructor(uint256 rate, address wallet, IERC20 token) public
+    Crowdsale(rate, wallet, token) {
+  }
+}
diff --git a/test/crowdsale/Crowdsale.test.js b/test/crowdsale/Crowdsale.test.js
index 8875e9157..b7528e4e9 100644
--- a/test/crowdsale/Crowdsale.test.js
+++ b/test/crowdsale/Crowdsale.test.js
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ require('chai')
   .use(require('chai-bignumber')(BigNumber))
   .should();
 
-const Crowdsale = artifacts.require('Crowdsale');
+const Crowdsale = artifacts.require('CrowdsaleMock');
 const SimpleToken = artifacts.require('SimpleToken');
 
 contract('Crowdsale', function ([_, investor, wallet, purchaser]) {